Short story about Albert Einstein

·         Albert Einstein
Three great theories define our physical knowledge of the universe: relativity, quantum mechanics and gravitation. The first is the handiwork of German-born Albert Einstein (1879-1955), who remains the physicist with the greatest reputation for originality of thought. His work showed that space and time are not immutable but are fluid and malleable. Einstein, who took US citizenship in 1940, also provided the world with its most famous equation, E=mc2, which demonstrates the equivalence of mass and energy. His name has become synonymous with the idea of genius and he died a celebrity. He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for physics.

Famous Scientists That Started Their Work as Young Teens

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Note: no all of history's most important scientists were college graduates when they began their works. In actual fact, history is full of scientists who have changed the world due to their work as teenagers. If they were disregarded because of their age, many things we take for granted today may not exist. These teenagers impacted the world far greater than they would realize long after their deaths.

1. Blaise Pascal - Did you know that your Windows-based computer system has a tool installed which was invented 350 years ago by Blaise Pascal? In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines. After three years of effort and 50 prototypes,  he built 20 finished machines (called Pascal's calculators and later Pascalines) Although the centuries have developed calculators that are solar powered, digital, software-based and scientific, Pascal became very serious with his research on the development of earlier versions of our calculating devices. No smartphone or computer would be complete without a calculator of some kind?

The argument can be made that if one person hadn't invented a particular theory or device, someone else would have. However, could we believe that it would be the same product if it came from a completely different perspective of a different inventor?

2. Isaac Newton - Throughout Newton's formative years, it was so common for him to develop various devices while attending school. His devotion to studies and high marks in school were impressive to many. Although his mother attempted to make him a farmer by removing young Isaac from school, after which his uncle and the school master advised his mother to allow him return to school so as to finish his education. Isaac Newton attended Cambridge University after upon school in 1661. He established a variety of scientific methods and discoveries as well as those in optics and colors.

3. Albert Einstein - Albert Einstein In his younger years, had always shown a great interest in mathematics and science. He attended the Swiss Federal Polytechnic examinations in Zurich. Although he scores below standard in many of the required subjects but his mathematics and physics skills were exceptionally high. Albert Einstein also attended Aargau Cantonal School in Aarau which is in Switzerland where he graduated with passing grades in some subjects and receiving the highest grade scale possible in mathematics and physics. His theories have laid the ground work for many scientists of today and is most notable for the Theory of Relativity.

4. Galileo Galilei - At the age of 17, he was at the University of Pisa studying for a medical degree, Galileo Galilei became engrossed to know how movements of air currents could cause a chandelier to sway in a rhythmic pattern. Setting up a set of differentiating pendulums, Galileo discovered that irrespective of the size difference the pendulums kept time with each other. Galileo changed his degree from medical sciences to mathematics after attending a lecture on geometry. At the age of 22, Galileo published a book on the design of a hydrostatic balance he had invented.

5. Aristotle - In the 3rd Century BCE, at the age of 18, he attended Plato's Academy where he nearly studied every subject offered at the time, For the 20 years he remained at the Academy until he finally left.

Aristotle, with his massive knowledge of subject material had made great contributions to nearly every subject of study. Aristotle had completed encyclopedias of information thereby opening doors for many.

Short Story about Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei
Born in Pisa, Galileo (1564-1642) initially trained as a doctor. On hearing of the invention of the telescope in 1609, he built his own and turned it to the heavens, revealing the existence of sunspots and a pitted, mountainous surface on the moon: the heavens were not incorruptible. His studies also provided support for the idea that the Earth revolves round the sun. This got Galileo into considerable trouble with the Catholic church and he was forced to abandon that backing in 1633. His work on falling bodies also laid the groundwork for Newton’s subsequent theories.

Short Story on Niels Bohr

Born in Copenhagen, Bohr (1885-1962) developed the modern idea of an atom, which has a nucleus at the centre with electrons revolving round it. When electrons move from one energy level to another, they emit discrete quanta of energy. The work won Bohr a Nobel prize in 1922. For his achievements, Carlsberg brewery gave Bohr a special gift: a house with a pipeline connected to its brewery next door, thus providing him with free beer for life. In 1954, Bohr helped establish Cern, the European particle physics facility. In 1975, his son, Aage, won a Nobel for research on atomic nuclei.

Isaac Newton Short Story

Isaac Newton (1643-1727), who was born in Lincolnshire, outlined the laws of mechanics that now support vast swaths of classical physics.

He is also a co-inventor of calculus, a gifted mathematician, and a major contributor to the science of optics. Newton outlined the principle of gravity, which explained how the planets revolve round the sun. During his life, he was showered with honours, including the presidency of the Royal Society. He is renowned as a supreme rationalist, though he actually wrote more about alchemy and religion, including a 300,000-word treatise that attempted to prove the pope was really the Antichrist and an “apocalyptic whore”.

WHAT IS HERNIA?

Hernia is a bulge caused by tissue pushing through the wall of muscle that's holding it in. Most hernias are abdominal hernias. This means they happen in the belly and groin areas.

You may have a hernia if you can feel a soft lump in your belly or groin or in a scar where you had surgery in the past. The lump may go away when you press on it or lie down. It may be painful, especially when you cough, bend over, or lift something heavy.

Types of hernias include:

• Inguinal hernia.
• Femoral hernia.
• Umbilical hernia.
• Incisional hernia.
• Epigastric hernia.
• Hiatal hernia.

What causes a hernia?

Hernias are caused by a combination of muscle weakness and strain. Depending on its cause, a hernia can develop quickly or over a long period of time.

Common causes of muscle weakness include:

• failure of the abdominal wall to close properly in the womb, which is a congenital defect
• age
• chronic coughing
• damage from injury or surgery

Factors that strain your body and may cause a hernia, especially if your muscles are weak, include:

• being pregnant, which puts pressure on your abdomen
• being constipated, which causes you to strain when having a bowel movement
• lifting heavy weight
• fluid in the abdomen, or ascites
• suddenly gaining weight
• persistent coughing or sneezing

What are the symptoms of a hernia?

The most common symptom of a hernia is a bulge or lump in the affected area. In the case of an inguinal hernia, you may notice a lump on either side of your pubic bone where your groin and thigh meet. You’re more likely to feel your hernia through touch when you’re standing up.

Other common symptoms of an inguinal hernia include:

• pain or discomfort in the affected area (usually the lower abdomen), especially when bending over, coughing, or lifting
• weakness, pressure, or a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen
• a burning, gurgling, or aching sensation at the site of the bulge

Other symptoms of a hiatal hernia include:

• acid reflux, which is when stomach acid moves backward into the esophagus causing a burning sensation
• chest pain
• difficulty swallowing

In some cases, hernias have no symptoms. You may not know you have a hernia unless it shows up during a routine physical or a medical exam for an unrelated problem.

Treatment

Whether or not you need treatment depends on the size of your hernia and the severity of your symptoms. Your doctor may simply monitor your hernia for possible complications. Treatment options for a hernia include:

Lifestyle changes

Dietary changes can often treat the symptoms of a hiatal hernia. Avoid large or heavy meals, don’t lie down or bend over after a meal, and keep your body weight in a healthy range.

If these changes in diet don’t eliminate your discomfort, you may need surgery to correct the hernia. You can also improve symptoms by avoiding foods that cause acid reflux or heartburn, such as spicy foods and tomato-based foods. Additionally, you can avoid reflux by losing weight and giving up cigarettes.

Medication

If you have a hiatal hernia, over-the-counter and prescription medications that reduce stomach acid can relieve your discomfort and improve symptoms. These include antacids, H-2 receptor blockers, and proton pump inhibitors.

Surgery

If your hernia is growing larger or causing pain, your doctor may decide that it’s best to operate. Your doctor may repair your hernia by sewing the hole in the abdominal wall closed during surgery. This is most commonly done by patching the hole with surgical mesh.

Preventing  hernia

You can’t always prevent the muscle weakness that allows a hernia to occur. However, you can reduce the amount of strain you place on your body. This may help you avoid a hernia or keep an existing hernia from getting worse. Prevention tips include:

• not smoking
• seeing your doctor when you’re sick to avoid developing a persistent cough
• maintaining a healthy body weight
• avoiding straining during bowel movements or urination
• lifting objects with your knees and not your back
• avoiding lifting weights that are too heavy for you

Appendicitis

                

Introduction 

Appendicitis is a painful swelling of the appendix. The appendix is a small, thin pouch about 5-10cm (2-4 inches) long. It's connected to the large intestine, where stools (faeces) are formed.

Nobody knows exactly why we have an appendix, but removing it isn't harmful.

Appendicitis typically starts with a pain in the middle of your tummy (abdomen) that may come and go.

Within hours, the pain travels to the lower right-hand side, where the appendix usually lies, and becomes constant and severe.

Pressing on this area, coughing, or walking may all make the pain worse. You may lose your appetite, feel sick, and occasionally experience diarrhea.

How appendicitis is treated

In most cases of appendicitis, the appendix needs to be surgically removed as soon as possible.

Removal of the appendix, known as an appendectomy or appendicectomy, is one of the most common operations in the UK and its success rate is excellent.

The operation is most commonly performed as keyhole surgery (laparoscopy), which involves making several small cuts in your abdomen, through which special surgical instruments are inserted.

Open surgery, where a larger, single cut is made in the abdomen, is usually carried out if the appendix has burst or access is more difficult.

Most people make a full recovery from an appendectomy in a couple of weeks, although strenuous activities may need to be avoided for up to six weeks after open surgery. 

What causes appendicitis?

It's not exactly clear what the causes of appendicitis are. Most cases are thought to occur when something blocks the entrance of the appendix.

For example, a blockage may be formed by a small piece of faeces or an upper respiratory tract infection could lead to a swollen lymph node within the wall of the bowel.

This obstruction leads to the development of inflammation and swelling. The pressure caused by the swelling can then lead to the appendix bursting.

As the causes aren't fully understood, there's no guaranteed way of preventing appendicitis.

Who's affected?

Appendicitis is a common condition. Around 40,000 people are admitted to hospital with appendicitis each year in England.

It's estimated around 1 in every 13 people develop it at some point in their life.

Appendicitis can develop at any age, but it's most common in young people aged from 10 to 20 years old.

Symptoms of appendicitis 

Appendicitis typically starts with a pain in the middle of your tummy (abdomen) that may come and go.

Within hours, the pain travels to your lower right-hand side, where the appendix is usually located, and becomes constant and severe.

Pressing on this area, coughing, or walking may all make the pain worse.

If you have appendicitis, you may also have other symptoms, including:

• feeling sick (nausea)
• being sick
• loss of appetite
• diarrhea
• a high temperature (fever) and a flushed face

Why do students sleep in classes?

    

   1. LATENESS TO BED

      In a situation where a student sleeps late at night for some reasons either for your Television show, mobile phones or some occasions, you will definitely complete your sleep in classroom. That is why we are always asked to sleep at time.

   2. GOING TO SCHOOL ON EMPTY STOMACH

      Some students often tend to leave the breakfast in hurry to attend the first lecture, than after a time it results into sleepiness.

   3. FOOD BEFORE THE CLASS

      A whole meal just before the class is one of the major reasons why classes after the recess are heck.

   4. REPEATED LECTURE (constant study of a particular topic)

      When teacher starts teaching already learnt topic over again the       students must feel sleepy and bored in the class.

   5. WORD LIMIT

      A teacher should speak continuously without any breakdown and they are

      supposed to use simple vocabulary to explain a topic to the understanding of the students.

   6. NO LANGUAGE STRATEGY

      Some teachers seriously need to learn some communication     strategies, that they should vary their tone while giving a lecture,   their voice should be appropriate to reach the each student and   they should also communicate in day to day language instead of giving a lecture with conditioned vocabulary and similar tone all the time, without even looking into the students eyes.

   7. PRE ASSUMPTION OF A TEACHER

      When student’s often think that lectures with a particular teacher are always boring, this type of mindset will always lead to a sleepy lecture.

What is the Importance of Academic library?

What is the Importance of Academic library?

There are several reasons why you might want to find an academic library near you, physically or virtually. An academic librarian with expertise in your subject area can help you:

• Find content that isn’t given away for free – resources libraries pay for so that you may use them
• Find a brief overview or in-depth scholarship about a subject
• See who is writing about a particular subject
• Identify legislation, hearings, or other government publications about a subject
• Plot and visualize data
• Find news coverage of an event from historic times to today
• Follow a chain of research – conversations building on past research, and expanding it into the future.
• Find the full text of an article you have only bits and pieces.
• Produce a well-researched business plan, and identify useful market research resources.
• Look at historic manuscripts, maps, writings, and images or footage, or find audio.
• Find background information about a company or institution before your job interview.
• Librarians at higher institutions are available to meet with students and help them find resources to support their scholarly, creative, professional, and course-related assignments. They provide one on one consultations, as well as meet with small groups or classes. . Online tutorials like the Productive Researcher and email/IM help options are available, too. In addition to providing online search assistance, we increasingly offer collections online, giving you access to journal articles, ebooks, music and more, available on and off-campus.

·   The Perks of Academic Libraries

•         For those who are on campus, an academic library offers laptops, work stations, multimedia stations, study space, collections, an environment for study and collaboration, and in Bird Library, a place to get a cup of coffee.

•           Academic libraries offer the same services to faculty, students, staff, or to anyone facing new terrain and to those who are unfamiliar with how the system works at an academic library. 

• Many academic librarians have created helpful guides for classes or general fields of study. Academic librarians may also be involved in data use and management. We welcome hearing about your scholarly and teaching needs, and your collection suggestions.

•  An Environment of Learning

•  Finding articles and searching for information is one part of learning about the world of learning, and part of the experience of coming to a college or university. We learn from and with others during our four (or more years) of connectedness with an institution. We learn about the research process from instructors, peers, and the recorded and preserved work of others, much of which is available in libraries. We are all part of a larger environment that promotes learning, now and in the future – and we work together on this.

HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

HIV (Human Immune deficiency Virus) is a virus that cause AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

It weakens the immune system by infecting the white blood cells (Lymphocytes) continuously and destroys the blood ability of the body to fight infection and certain diseases or Sickness.

The CD4 cells are the main targets for HIV. The virus (HIV) enters into the CD4 cells and destroys or kills it therefore as the number of CD4 cells decreases the amount of HIV increases. If treatment is not conducted on the patient for many years the CD4 cells will drop to a point then the symptoms of HIV will start appearing.

But by treating the AIDS the amount of CD4 cells in the body increases while the amount the virus (HIV) reduces which allows the CD4 cells of the body to increase and become stable.

According to the world health organization (WHO) worldwide

In the year 2013 as many as 2.1million people were infected newly with HIV, 35million people were living with HIV and 1.5million people death of AID related disease.

WAYS IN WHICH HIV CAN BE SPREAD

HIV can be spread in the following ways:

1.           SHARING SHARP OBJECT SUCH AS BLADE, NEEDLE WITH AN INFECTED PERSON: The Object can be contaminated with infected blood from the infected person.

2.           BY HAVING UNPROTECTED SEX WITH INFECTED PARTNER: The virus can possibly into the body through the mouth, penis, lining of the vagina, vulva while having sex and if the following STD ( Sexually Transmitted Disease) like syphilis, genital herpes, gonorrhea can possibly make someone to be at high risk of  acquiring HIV

3.        During pregnancy: HIV can be transmitted from mother to child if not treated or during birth it can also be transmitted from the mother to child through breast milk of infected mother.

4.           Through contact with blood (Transfusion):  The blood donated by an infected patient if not screened to know if is contaminated with the virus can be transmitted to another patient through the mode of transfusion. Therefore that automatically makes the person a carrier.

They only way to find out if a person is infected is by carrying out a process called HIV test.

HIV Test: This a test conducted on individual or patient to check if he/she   is infected with the virus.